Tax Blawg

By David J. Shakow

David J. Shakow is counsel in the Philadelphia office of Chamberlain, Hrdlicka, White, Williams & Aughtry and is professor emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania Law School.

The Supreme Court’s decision in Home Concrete raises new questions about the deference to be given to administrative pronouncements that conflict with prior judicial decisions. Unfortunately, the opinions of a divided Court leave practitioners to puzzle over the boundaries of its decision.

This article originally appeared in Tax Notes.

Copyright 2012 David J. Shakow.
All rights reserved.

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The Supreme Court has decided Home Concrete¹ and handed taxpayers a victory by holding that the statute of limitations was not increased from three to six years for taxpayers who overstated their bases in assets.

The case involved a son-of-BOSS tax shelter that improperly inflated the basis of assets. Under section 6501(e)(1)(A), the statute of limitations for assessing a deficiency against a taxpayer is extended from three to six years when she omits from gross income an amount in excess of 25 percent of the gross income stated on the return. The question was whether the reduction of gross income that results from the offset of the inflated basis against an amount realized on a disposition of the asset extends the statute of limitations under section 6501(e)(1)(A).

The question was complicated by two special circumstances. First, in 1958 the Supreme Court in Colony Inc. v. Commissioner² interpreted identical language in the 1939 code to mean that the extended statute of limitations did not apply. But in 2010, while Home Concrete was in litigation, the government issued regulations stating that the extended statute applied.³

Once the regulations were issued, the Chevron⁴ doctrine of administrative law was called into play. Chevron requires courts to defer to an administrative interpretation of a statute unless the statute is unambiguous (Chevron step one) or, if the statute is ambiguous, to defer to it unless the interpretation is not a permissible interpretation of the statute (Chevron step two). In Mayo,⁵ decided last year, the Court held that Chevron applies in tax cases the same way it applies in other areas of administrative law.

Is an administrative agency constrained in its interpretation if a court has already interpreted the statute? In Brand X,⁶ decided in 2005, the Court held that an administrative pronouncement could override a prior judicial interpretation of a statute. That is, if the administrative pronouncement passed the Chevron test, the administrative agency could overturn a judicial decision.

But Brand X has never been applied to allow an administrative agency to overturn a decision of the Supreme Court; perhaps such an application is too broad. On the other hand, the Court in Colony said, in reference to the statutory language before the Court in that case and in Home Concrete, that “it cannot be said that the language is unambiguous.” If the Supreme Court says the language is ambiguous, why not allow the administrative agency to clarify it?

Justice Stephen G. Breyer wrote the opinion in Home Concrete, with Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel A. Alito in agreement. Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote the dissent, with Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan joining him. Justice Antonin Scalia’s opinion, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, was the swing vote.

The majority found that because the language in Home Concrete was identical to the language it interpreted in Colony, the same result should apply. It rejected the government’s argument (which the dissenters accept) that changes made to related sections of the statute in 1954 require a reconsideration of the meaning of the language before the Court. In addition, it refused to defer to the regulations the IRS finalized in 2010. Breyer argues that in this context, once the Court interprets the statute, there is no other interpretation available for adoption by the agency. In explaining why Brand X does not apply, Breyer does not necessarily give special deference to every Supreme Court opinion. Instead, he interprets Brand X to mean that deference is to be given to an administrative interpretation only when there is evidence that Congress delegated gap-filling authority to an agency.

Thus, we are to understand Chevron step one (is the language unambiguous?) simply as an example of a situation when Congress clearly did not delegate gap-filling authority to the agency.⁷ But even if the language is ambiguous, the agency apparently can’t act unless there is an indication that Congress intended that it exercise its gap-filling authority. And in what might be the most novel point of Breyer’s opinion, he quotes Chevron to the effect that “if a court, employing traditional tools of statutory construction, ascertains that Congress had an intention on the precise question at issue, that intention is the law and must be given effect.”⁸ In other words, it would appear that if “traditional tools of statutory construction” result in one interpretation of a statute,⁹ there is no room for an administrative agency to take a contrary position. If that is the law, it would seem to significantly limit the role of Chevron and, even more so, Brand X.

Note that while that could be the most novel point in Breyer’s opinion, it is not the most novel point of the majority. The section of the opinion in which that discussion is found was the part in which Scalia did not join, thus making it the position of only Breyer and the three Justices who accepted all of his opinion. But Scalia did not disagree with that discussion because he believed it went too far; instead, as the dissenter in Brand X, he believes that any court decision prevents an administrative agency from thereafter requiring that court to interpret the statute otherwise. In other words, if the Third Circuit decides to interpret a statute in a particular way, any contrary interpretation from the administrative agency is properly ignored by the Third Circuit.¹⁰

Scalia characterized Breyer’s position to be that if a pre-Chevron holding concludes that a statute is ambiguous, the court must also have found “that Congress wanted the particular ambiguity in question to be resolved by the agency”¹¹ if the agency is to invoke its Brand X “gap-filling” power. Presumably, the reason Scalia limits that approach to pre-Chevron decisions is that if a court after Chevron characterizes a statute as ambiguous, it is inviting an agency to supply any permissible interpretation in accordance with Chevron. But Scalia is not clear on that proposition: Perhaps he would extend the argument to post-Chevron cases, too. As for the dissenters, they take the position that the changes made in 1954 should have put taxpayers on notice that the language interpreted in Colony was subject to reinterpretation. Thus, in the absence of any authoritative interpretation of section 6501(e)(1)(A), the government was free to interpret it as it chose. Under that view, the case before the Court did not raise the delicate question whether Brand X (under which an administrative agency can overturn a judicial interpretation of a statute) would apply even to a decision of the Supreme Court.¹² Because the dissenters argued that the changes made in 1954 necessarily left the language of section 6501(e)(1)(A) ambiguous, it was open for the IRS to interpret it anew without any constraint from the Court’s decision in Colony.

The continuing significance of Home Concrete is unclear. The Court’s decision certainly means that reg. section 301.6501(e)-1, as amended in 2010, is invalid to the extent it conflicts with Colony. The more important question is whether the Court has further undermined the rickety Chevron structure.¹³ Breyer suggests that any administrative agency’s attempt to use Brand X logic to overturn a pre-Chevron decision now faces an additional hurdle. The agency would apparently now have to show that Congress delegated gap-filling authority in that circumstance. Presumably, Scalia would sign on to that position, although it is more limited than his approach.

But the logic of Breyer’s opinion in Home Concrete suggests that administrative actions taken to overturn a post-Chevron opinion may also face that additional hurdle. If a court opinion does not explicitly indicate that a statute is ambiguous for Chevron purposes, would Breyer insist that a court must determine whether a statute effectively delegates to an agency the power to fill a gap? The logic of his opinion suggests that he would. But would a majority of the Court go along with that approach?

It looks like tax practitioners, like other administrative law practitioners, will have to return to the Supreme Court for more guidance. Tax practitioners — welcome to the wonderful world of Chevron.

FOOTNOTES

¹ Home Concrete & Supply LLC v. United States, Sup. Ct. Dkt. No. 11-139 (2012), Doc 2012-8781 , 2012 TNT 81-11 , aff’g 634 F.3d 249 (4th Cir. 2011), Doc 2011-2674 , 2011 TNT 26-7.

² 357U.S. 28 (1958).

³ Reg. section 301.6501(e)-1.

⁴ Chevron USA Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council Inc., 467U.S. 837 (1984).

⁵ Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 704 (2011), Doc 2011-609 , 2011 TNT 8-10.

⁶ National Cable & Telecommunications Assn. v. Brand X Internet Services, 545U.S. 967 (2005).

⁷ Slip op. at 9.

⁸ Slip op. at 10 (emphasis in original). It is interesting that after reviewing the analysis in Colony, Breyer said, “It may be that judges today would use other methods to determine whether Congress left a gap to fill.” That leaves yet another area for observers to argue about the precise scope of Breyer’s approach.

⁹ That the Court in Colony said the statutory language is “not unambiguous” is irrelevant, because the Court there was not speaking in the context of Chevron (which had not yet been decided). Instead, the fact that the Court in Colony interpreted the statute in a particular way meant that any lurking ambiguity is irrelevant for Chevron purposes. Slip op. at 10.

¹⁰ Although Scalia is not clear on that point, his argument does not seem to be limited to decisions of the Supreme Court. As he said in his Brand X dissent, “When a court interprets a statute . . . its interpretation . . . is the law.” 545U.S. at 1019.

¹¹ Scalia concurrence, slip op. at 3 (emphasis in original).

¹² See Kennedy dissent, slip op. at 6.

¹³ I discussed the uncertain state of Chevron jurisprudence in “Who’s Afraid of the APA?” Tax Notes, Feb. 13, 2012, p. 825, Doc 2011-27082 , or 2012 TNT 30-11.

END OF FOOTNOTES